Initially discovered in bone marrow [2], MSCs have since been identified in a variety of tissues, including adipose tissue, umbilical cord, placenta, endometrium, and menstrual blood [3]
Zhang DD, Lo S-C, Cross JV, Templeton DJ, Hannink M
The plasma half-life is estimated at 30-60 minutes, though biological effects on gene expression persist for hours to days
Other commonly used peptides include TB-500 for tissue regeneration and GHK-Cu for anti-inflammatory effects
The pharmacological profiles of these dual-regulating monomers, including their molecular targets, effective doses, and experimental models, are systematically summarized in Supplementary Table 1
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