The reviewed studies also noted increased production of decorin, a proteoglycan that plays a role in collagen formation and wound healing
GHK-Cu is stable at physiological pH (6.57.5) but dissociates below pH 4 or above pH 9, releasing free copper, which can be pro-oxidant if unbound
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4e, f, both G/D-CuP and D-CuP exhibited a significant reduction in the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines
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In 28-month-old mice, roughly equivalent to elderly humans, three weeks of GHK-Cu administration produced significantly faster maze navigation with evidence of decreased brain inflammation and increased histone deacetylase 2 labeling, an indicator of epigenetic pathway activation