Even in periods of stress and hunger, the autophagy process is necessary (120)
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Here's a concise breakdown of the major drug classes used in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: 1 Biguanides (e.g., Metformin) Decreases hepatic glucose production, improves insulin sensitivity No hypoglycemia risk | First-line therapy for T2DM 2 Sulfonylureas (Gliclazide, Glimepiride, Glipizide) Stimulate insulin release from pancreatic -cells Effective but carry hypoglycemia risk use cautiously in elderly/renal impairment 3 DPP-4 Inhibitors (Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Linagliptin) Increase incretin levels, boost insulin secretion Weight neutral, well tolerated 4 SGLT2 Inhibitors (Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin) Promote glucose excretion via urine Cardio-renal protective a major shift in modern diabetes care 5 GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (Liraglutide, Semaglutide, Dulaglutide) Glucose-dependent insulin secretion, promotes satiety Excellent for weight loss in obese T2DM patients 6 Thiazolidinediones (Pioglitazone) Improves insulin sensitivity via PPAR- activation Caution: fluid retention, avoid in heart failure 7 Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors (Acarbose, Miglitol) Delay carbohydrate absorption, reduce postprandial spikes Take with the first bite of a meal 8 Insulin Rapid, short, intermediate & long-acting formulations Essential in Type 1 DM and advanced Type 2 DM Key takeaway: Therapy must be individualized based on patient comorbidities, hypoglycemia risk, weight goals, and cardiovascular/renal status
Ferroptosis: promising approach for cancer and cancer immunotherapy
M., Liskiewicz, D., Mller, T
