at Osaka University showed that androgen-stimulated dermal papilla cells from balding scalps produce TGF-beta1, which inhibits keratinocyte growth by roughly 50% (Inui et al., 2002)
Topical effects are usually mild and local: redness, tingling, dryness, or transient irritation, more common above 4% concentration
Studies show that nicotinamide riboside (NR), an NAD+ precursor, boosts mitochondrial biogenesis pathways and leads to more genes that produce energy
Differential Expression Between Human Dermal Papilla Cells from Balding and Non-Balding Scalps Reveals New Candidate Genes for Androgenetic Alopecia
However, if the injury is isolated to the bursa, there shouldnt be any pain with flexion and extension of the elbow joint
It acts as a humectant, attracting and retaining moisture in the skin